The last major conflict between the two was the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1793–1815), in which coalitions of European powers, financed and usually led by London, fought a series of wars against the French First Republic, the First French Empire and its client states, culminating in the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. Major conflicts from this period include the Hundred Years' War, Italian wars, the French wars of religion, the Nine Years' War, the War of the Spanish Succession, the War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War. The rivalry continued into the early modern period, with the fighting often spilling over to both countries' overseas colonies. This decisive conflict resulted in a French victory, after which England would never again establish a foothold in French territory. The rivalry between the two nations was seeded when the Angevin House of Plantagenet gained control over England and additional French territories and engaged in a struggle with the French ruling House of Capet to retain their French holdings this culminated in the Hundred Years' War, which began when the final Plantagenet holdings in France were confiscated and Edward III made his formal claim to the French throne. Some of the noteworthy conflicts include the Hundred Years' War and the French Revolutionary Wars which ended in French victories, as well as the Seven Years' War and Napoleonic Wars, from which Great Britain emerged victorious. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the Early Modern Period, France and England were often bitter rivals, with both nations' monarchs claiming control over France and France routinely allying against England with their other rival Scotland until the Union of the Crowns.

The Norman conquest of England in 1066 decisively shaped English history, as well as the English language English's vocabulary is 50% derived from French, with the vast majority of large and complex words being of French origin and very similar in writing, but different in pronunciation and sometimes with a slightly different meaning.

The Roman era saw both areas largely conquered by Rome, whose fortifications largely remain in both countries to this day. The historical ties between France and the United Kingdom, and the countries preceding them, are long and complex, including conquest, wars, and alliances at various points in history. Maritime borders between the two countries, in Europe, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Ocean.

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